Computer English and Bank

Selasa, 16 Januari 2018

AKUTANSI

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Akuntansi adalah pengukuran, penjabaran, atau pemberian kepastian mengenai informasi yang akan membantu manajer, investor, otoritas pajak dan pembuat keputusan lain untuk membuat alokasi sumber daya keputusan di dalam perusahaan, organisasi, dan lembaga pemerintah. Akuntansi adalah seni dalam mengukur, berkomunikasi dan menginterpretasikan aktivitas keuangan. Secara luas, akuntansi juga dikenal sebagai "bahasa bisnis".^[1] Akuntansi bertujuan untuk menyiapkan suatu laporan keuangan yang akurat agar dapat dimanfaatkan oleh para manajer, pengambil kebijakan, dan pihak berkepentingan lainnya, seperti pemegang saham, kreditur, atau pemilik. Pencatatan harian yang terlibat dalam proses ini dikenal dengan istilah pembukuan. Akuntansi keuangan adalah suatu cabang dari akuntansi di mana informasi keuangan pada suatu bisnis dicatat, diklasifikasi, diringkas, diinterpretasikan, dan dikomunikasikan. Auditing, satu disiplin ilmu yang terkait tetapi tetap terpisah dari akuntansi, adalah suatu proses di mana pemeriksa independen memeriksa laporan keuangan suatu organisasi untuk memberikan suatu pendapat atau opini - yang masuk akal tetapi tak dijamin sepenuhnya - mengenai kewajaran dan kesesuaiannya dengan prinsip akuntansi yang berterima umum.

Praktisi akuntansi dikenal sebagai akuntan. Akuntan bersertifikat resmi memiliki gelar tertentu yang berbeda di tiap negara. Contohnya adalah Chartered Accountant (FCA, CA or ACA), Chartered Certified Accountant (ACCA atau FCCA), Management Accountant(ACMA, FCMA atau AICWA), Certified Public Accountant (CPA), dan Certified General Accountant (CGA). Di Indonesia, akuntan publik yang bersertifikat disebut CPA Indonesia (sebelumnya: BAP atau Bersertifikat Akuntan Publik).

Sumber : https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akuntansi

APLIKASI KOMPUTER

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http://www.tentangkomputer.com/umum/pengertian-aplikasi-komputer/

Aplikasi komputer adalah sebuah perangkat lunak (software) program komputer yang ditulis dalam bahasa pemrograman dan berfungsi melakukan perintah sesuai dengan keinginan dari pembuat aplikasi. Pembuat program aplikasi komputer disebut programmer.

Aplikasi komputer dibuat untuk memudahkan pengguna dalam mengerjakan sesuatu menggunakan komputer. Biasanya komputer digunakan untuk mengolah data dan melakukan editing foto, video dan suara. Contoh perangkat lunak adalah pengolah kata, lembar kerja, dan pemutar media.

Pada era modernisasi peran aplikasi komputer sangatlah penting dalam kehidupan sehari-hari juga sering kita jumpai dalam beberapa bidang. Kehadiran aplikasi komputer dalam bidang bisnis, pendidikan, maupun hiburan dapat mempermudah pekerjaan dan dapat menghemat waktu.

Pengertian Aplikasi Komputer Beserta Contohnya – Beberapa aplikasi komputer digabung bersama menjadi satu paket disebut sebagai suatu paket atau suite aplikasi (application suite). Misalnya Microsoft Office yang menggabungkan suatu aplikasi pengolah kata, pengolah angka, lembar kerja, serta beberapa aplikasi lainnya. Aplikasi dalam paket biasanya memiliki antarmuka (interface) pengguna yang memiliki kesamaan sehingga memudahkan pengguna untuk mempelajari dan menggunakan tiap aplikasi dari suatu paket tersebut.

Contoh aplikasi komputer antara lain :

Program-program dalam dunia bank yang digunakan untuk menyediakan informasi buku rekening bulanan para nasabah.
Program dalam perusahaan penerbangan domestic yang memberikan informasi pemesanan dan jadwal penerbangan.

Jenis-jenis Aplikasi Komputer

Aplikasi Perkantoran : yaitu aplikasi komputer yang berguna menyediakan layanan pekerjaan kantor. Contoh dari aplikasi perkantoran adalah Microsoft Office.
Aplikasi Multimedia : yaitu aplikasi komputer yang digunakan untuk menggabungkan sebuah informasi, teks, video, dan audio. Contoh dari aplikasi ini adalah Aimp3/Winamp dan Windows Media Player.
Aplikasi Grafis : yaitu aplikasi yang berfungsi untuk membuat desain logo maupun editing foto/gambar. Contoh aplikasi Adobe Photoshop, Corel Draw.
Aplikasi Internet : yaitu aplikasi komputer yang menyediakan layanan kemudahan dalam beraktifitas di internet. Contoh E-mail, Google, Bing, dan Yahoo.
Aplikasi Programming : yaitu aplikasi khusus untuk membuat software atau program tertentu. Contoh aplikasi Visual Basic, PHP, Delphi 7.
Aplikasi Game : yaitu aplikasi permainan yang ada didalam sebuah komputer. Contoh Zuma, Call Of Duty, dan Grand Theif Auto.

Sumber : http://www.tentangkomputer.com/umum/pengertian-aplikasi-komputer/

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

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Internet (kependekan dari interconnection-networking) adalah seluruh jaringan komputer yang saling terhubung menggunakan standar sistem global Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) sebagai protokol pertukaran paket (packet switching communication protocol) untuk melayani miliaran pengguna di seluruh dunia.Rangkaian internet yang terbesar dinamakan Internet. Cara menghubungkan rangkaian dengan kaidah ini dinamakan internetworking ("antarjaringan").

Sejarah Internet

Internet merupakan jaringan komputer yang dibentuk oleh Departemen Pertahanan Amerika Serikat pada tahun 1969, melalui proyek ARPA yang disebut ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network), di mana mereka mendemonstrasikan bagaimana dengan hardware dan software komputer yang berbasis UNIX, kita bisa melakukan komunikasi dalam jarak yang tidak terhingga melalui saluran telepon.

Proyek ARPANET merancang bentuk jaringan, kehandalan, seberapa besar informasi dapat dipindahkan, dan akhirnya semua standar yang mereka tentukan menjadi cikal bakal pembangunan protokol baru yang sekarang dikenal sebagai TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol).

Tujuan awal dibangunnya proyek itu adalah untuk keperluan militer. Pada saat itu Departemen Pertahanan Amerika Serikat (US Department of Defense) membuat sistem jaringan komputer yang tersebar dengan menghubungkan komputer di daerah-daerah vital untuk mengatasi masalah bila terjadi serangan nuklir dan untuk menghindari terjadinya informasi terpusat, yang apabila terjadi perang dapat mudah dihancurkan.

Pada mulanya ARPANET hanya menghubungkan 4 situs saja yaitu Stanford Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of Utah, di mana mereka membentuk satu jaringan terpadu pada tahun 1969, dan secara umum ARPANET diperkenalkan pada bulan Oktober 1972. Tidak lama kemudian proyek ini berkembang pesat di seluruh daerah, dan semua universitas di negara tersebut ingin bergabung, sehingga membuat ARPANET kesulitan untuk mengaturnya.

Oleh sebab itu ARPANET dipecah manjadi dua, yaitu "MILNET" untuk keperluan militer dan "ARPANET" baru yang lebih kecil untuk keperluan non-militer seperti, universitas-universitas. Gabungan kedua jaringan akhirnya dikenal dengan nama DARPA Internet, yang kemudian disederhanakan menjadi Internet.

Sumber : https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet

INTERNET

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Sejarah Internet

Sumber : https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet

ENGLISH CONVERSATION

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Conversation is interactive communication between two or more people.

The development of conversational skills and etiquette is an important part of socialization. The development of conversational skills in a new language is a frequent focus of language teaching and learning.

Conversation analysis is a branch of sociology which studies the structure and organization of human interaction, with a more specific focus on conversational interaction.

Most conversations may be classified by their goal. Conversational ends may, however, shift over the life of the conversation.

· Functional conversation is designed to convey information in order to help achieve an individual or group goal.

· Small talk is a type of conversation where the topic is less important than the social purpose of achieving bonding between people or managing personal distance, such as 'how is the weather' might be portrayed as an example, which conveys no practicality whatsoever.

Sumber : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversation

BASIC READING

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Reading is a complex "cognitive process" of decoding symbols in order to construct or derive meaning (reading comprehension). Reading is a means of language acquisition, communication, and of sharing information and ideas. Like all languages, it is a complex interaction between the text and the reader which is shaped by the reader’s prior knowledge, experiences, attitude, and language community which is culturally and socially situated. The reading process requires continuous practice, development, and refinement. In addition, reading requires creativity and critical analysis. Consumers of literature make ventures with each piece, innately deviating from literal words to create images that make sense to them in the unfamiliar places the texts describe. Because reading is such a complex process, it cannot be controlled or restricted to one or two interpretations. There are no concrete laws in reading, but rather allows readers an escape to produce their own products introspectively. This promotes deep exploration of texts during interpretation.^[1]Readers use a variety of reading strategies to assist with decoding (to translate symbols into sounds or visual representations of speech) and comprehension. Readers may use context clues to identify the meaning of unknown words. Readers integrate the words they have read into their existing framework of knowledge or schema (schemata theory).

Other types of reading are not speech based writing systems, such as music notation or pictograms. The common link is the interpretation of symbols to extract the meaning from the visual notations or tactile signals (as in the case of Braille).

Reading skills

Literacy is the ability to use the symbols of a writing system. It is the ability to interpret what the information symbols represent, and to be able to re-create those same symbols so that others can derive the same meaning. Illiteracy is the inability to derive meaning from the symbols used in a writing system. Dyslexia refers to a cognitive difficulty with reading and writing. It is defined as brain-based type of learning disability that specifically impairs a person's ability to read. The term dyslexia can refer to two disorders: developmental dyslexia which is a learning disability; alexia (acquired dyslexia) refers to reading difficulties that occur following brain damage, stroke, or progressive illness

Major predictors of an individual's ability to read both alphabetic and nonalphabetic scripts are phonological awareness, rapid automatized naming and verbal IQ. Being taught to read at an early age (such as five years old) does not ultimately result in better reading skills, and if it replaces more developmentally appropriate activities, then it may cause other harms. Reading rate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_(process)

Average reading rate in words per minute (wpm) depending on age and measured with different tests in English, French and German

Reading speed requires a long time to reach adult levels. The table to the right shows how reading-rate varies with age,^[18] regardless of the period (1965 to 2005) and the language (English, French, German). The Taylor values probably are higher, for disregarding students who failed the comprehension test. The reading test by the French psychologist Pierre Lefavrais ("L'alouette", published in 1967) tested reading aloud, with a penalty for errors, and could, therefore, not be a rate greater than 150 wpm. According to Carver (1990), children's reading speed increases throughout the school years. On average, from grade 2 to college, reading rate increases 14 standard-length words per minute each year (where one standard-length word is defined as six characters in text, including punctuation and spaces). Note that the data from Taylor (English) and Landerl (German) are based on texts of increasing difficulty; other data were obtained when all age groups were reading the same text.

Rates of reading include reading for memorization (fewer than 100 words per minute [wpm]); reading for learning (100–200 wpm); reading for comprehension (200–400 wpm); and skimming (400–700 wpm). Reading for comprehension is the essence of the daily reading of most people. Skimming is for superficially processing large quantities of text at a low level of comprehension (below 50%).

Advice for choosing the appropriate reading-rate includes reading flexibly, slowing when concepts are closely presented and when the material is new, and increasing when the material is familiar and of thin concept. Speed reading courses and books often encourage the reader to continually accelerate; comprehension tests lead the reader to believe his or her comprehension is continually improving; yet, competence-in-reading requires knowing that skimming is dangerous, as a default habit.

Scientific studies have demonstrated that reading—defined here as capturing and decoding all the words on every page—faster than 900 wpm is not feasible given the limits set by the anatomy of the eye.^[19]

Reading speed has been used as a measure in research to determine the effect of interventions on human vision. A Cochrane Systematic Review used reading speed in words per minute as the primary outcome in comparing different reading aids for adults with low vision.

Skill development

Both lexical and sub-lexical cognitive processes contribute to how we learn to read.

Sub-lexical reading involves teaching reading by associating characters or groups of characters with sounds or by using phonicsor synthetic phonics learning and teaching methodology, sometimes argued to be in competition with whole language methods.

Lexical readinginvolves acquiring words or phrases without attention to the characters or groups of characters that compose them or by using whole language learning and teaching methodology. Sometimes argued to be in competition with phonics and synthetic phonics methods, and that the whole language approach tends to impair learning how to spell.

Other methods of teaching and learning to read have developed, and become somewhat controversial.

Learning to read in a second language, especially in adulthood, may be a different process than learning to read a native language in childhood. There are cases of very young children learning to read without having been taught. Such was the case with Truman Capote who reportedly taught himself to read and write at the age of five. There are also accounts of people who taught themselves to read by comparing street signs or Biblical passages to speech. The novelist Nicholas Delbanco taught himself to read at age six during a transatlantic crossing by studying a book about boats.

Brain activity in young and older children can be used to predict future reading skill. Cross model mapping between the orthographic and phonologic areas in the brain are critical in reading. Thus, the amount of activation in the left dorsal inferior frontal gyrus while performing reading tasks can be used to predict later reading ability and advancement. Young children with higher phonological word characteristic processing have significantly better reading skills later on than older children who focus on whole-word orthographic representation.

Sumber: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_(process)